NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL STATUTES
Section 14-453
(as amended in 2002)
§ 14-453. Definitions
As used in this Article, unless the context clearly requires otherwise,
the following terms have the meanings specified:
(1) "Access" means to instruct, communicate with, cause input, cause output,
cause data processing, or otherwise make use of any resources of a computer,
computer system, or omputer network.
(1a) "Authorization" means having the consent or permission of the owner,
or of the person licensed or authorized by the owner to grant consent or
permission to access a computer, computer system, or computer network in a
manner not exceeding the consent or permission.
(1b) "Commercial electronic mail" means messages sent and received
electronically consisting of commercial advertising material, the principal
purpose of which is to promote the for-profit sale or lease of goods or
services to the recipient.
(2) "Computer" means an internally programmed, automatic device that
performs data processing or telephone switching.
(3) "Computer network" means the interconnection of communication systems
with a computer through remote terminals, or a complex consisting of two or
more interconnected computers or telephone switching equipment.
(4) "Computer program" means an ordered set of data that are coded
instructions or statements that when executed by a computer cause the
computer to process data.
(4a) "Computer services" means computer time or services, including
data processing services, Internet services, electronic mail services,
electronic message services, or information or data stored in connection
with any of these services.
(5) "Computer software" means a set of computer programs, procedures
and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a computer,
computer system, or computer network.
(6) "Computer system" means at least one computer together with a set
of related, connected, or unconnected peripheral devices.
(6a) "Data" means a representation of information, facts, knowledge,
concepts, or instructions prepared in a formalized or other manner and
intended for use in a computer, computer system, or computer network.
Data may be embodied in any form including computer printouts, magnetic
storage media, optical storage media, and punch cards, or may be stored
internally in the memory of a computer.
(6b) "Electronic mail" means the same as the term is defined in
G.S. 14-196.3(a)(2).
(6c) "Electronic mail service provider" means any person who (i) is
an intermediary in sending or receiving electronic mail and (ii) provides
to end users of electronic mail services the ability to send or receive
electronic mail.
(7) "Financial instrument" includes any check, draft, money order,
certificate of deposit, letter of credit, bill of exchange, credit card
or marketable security, or any electronic data processing representation
thereof.
(7a) "Government computer" means any computer, computer program,
computer system, computer network, or any part thereof, that is owned,
operated, or used by any State or local governmental entity.
(8) "Property" includes financial instruments, information, including
electronically processed or produced data, and computer software and
computer programs in either machine or human readable form, and any other
tangible or intangible item of value.
(8a) "Resource" includes peripheral devices, computer software, computer
programs, and data, and means to be a part of a computer, computer system,
or computer network.
(9) "Services" includes computer time, data processing and storage functions.
(10) "Unsolicited" means not addressed to a recipient with whom the initiator
has an existing business or personal relationship and not sent at the request of,
or with the express consent of, the recipient.
NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL STATUTES
Section 14-458
(as amended in 2000)
§ 14-458. Computer trespass; penalty
(a) Except as otherwise made unlawful by this Article, it shall be unlawful for
any person to use a computer or computer network without authority and with the intent
to do any of the following:
(1) Temporarily or permanently remove, halt, or otherwise disable any computer
data, computer programs, or computer software from a computer or computer network.
(2) Cause a computer to malfunction, regardless of how long the malfunction
persists.
(3) Alter or erase any computer data, computer programs, or computer software.
(4) Cause physical injury to the property of another.
(5) Make or cause to be made an unauthorized copy, in any form, including, but
not limited to, any printed or electronic form of computer data, computer programs,
or computer software residing in, communicated by, or produced by a computer or
computer network.
(6) Falsely identify with the intent to deceive or defraud the recipient
or forge commercial electronic mail transmission information or other routing
information in any manner in connection with the transmission of unsolicited
bulk commercial electronic mail through or into the computer network of an
electronic mail service provider or its subscribers.
For purposes of this subsection, a person is "without authority" when (i) the
person has no right or permission of the owner to use a computer, or the person
uses a computer in a manner exceeding the right or permission, or (ii) the
person uses a computer or computer network, or the computer services of an
electronic mail service provider to transmit unsolicited bulk commercial
electronic mail in contravention of the authority granted by or in violation
of the policies set by the electronic mail service provider.
(b) Any person who violates this section shall be guilty of computer trespass,
which offense shall be punishable as a Class 3 misdemeanor. If there is damage
to the property of another and the damage is valued at less than two thousand
five hundred dollars ($2,500) caused by the person's act in violation of this
section, the offense shall be punished as a Class 1 misdemeanor. If there is
damage to the property of another valued at two thousand five hundred dollars
($2,500) or more caused by the person's act in violation of this section, the
offense shall be punished as a Class I felony.
(c) Any person whose property or person is injured by reason of a violation of
this section may sue for and recover any damages sustained and the costs of
the suit pursuant to G.S. 1-539.2A.
NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL STATUTES
Section 1-539.2A
(as amended in 1999)
§ 1-539.2A. Damages for computer trespass
(a) Any person whose property or person is injured by reason of a violation of
G.S. 14-458 may sue for and recover any damages sustained and the costs of the suit.
Without limiting the general of the term, "damages" shall include loss of profits.
If the injury arises from the transmission of unsolicited bulk commercial electronic
mail, the injured person, other than an electronic mail service provider, may also
recover attorneys' fees and may elect, in lieu of actual damages, to recover the
lesser of ten dollars ($10.00) for each and every unsolicited bulk commercial
electronic mail message transmitted in violation of this section, or twenty-five
thousand dollars ($25,000) per day. The injured person shall not have a cause of
action against the electronic mail service provider which merely transmits the
unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail over its computer network. If the injury
arises from the transmission of unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail, an
injured electronic mail service provider may also recover attorneys' fees and costs
and may elect, in lieu of actual damages, to recover the greater of ten dollars
($10.00) for each and every unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail message
transmitted in violation of this section, or twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000)
per day.
(b) A civil action under this section shall be commenced before expiration of the
time period prescribed in G.S. 1-54. In actions alleging injury arising from the
transmission of unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail, personal jurisdiction
may be exercised pursuant to G.S. 1-75.4.
NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL STATUTES
Section 1-75.4
(as amended in 1999)
§ 1-75.4. Personal jurisdiction, grounds for generally
A court of this State having jurisdiction of the subject matter has jurisdiction
over a person served in an action pursuant to Rule 4(j), Rule 4(j1), or Rule 4(j3)
of the Rules of Civil Procedure under any of the following circumstances:
(1) Local Presence or Status. -- In any action, whether the claim arises within
or without this State, in which a claim is asserted against a party who when service
of process is made upon such party:
a. Is a natural person present within this State; or
b. Is a natural person domiciled within this State; or
c. Is a domestic corporation; or
d. Is engaged in substantial activity within this State, whether such
activity is wholly interstate, intrastate, or otherwise.
(2) Special Jurisdiction Statutes. -- In any action which may be brought under
statutes of this State that specifically confer grounds for personal jurisdiction.
(3) Local Act or Omission. -- In any action claiming injury to person or property
or for wrongful death within or without this State arising out of an act or omission
within this State by the defendant.
(4) Local Injury; Foreign Act. -- In any action for wrongful death occurring within
this State or in any action claiming injury to person or property within this State
arising out of an act or omission outside this State by the defendant, provided in
addition that at or about the time of the injury either:
a. Solicitation or services activities were carried on within this State by or on
behalf of the defendant;
b. Products, materials or thing processed, serviced or manufactured by the
defendant were used or consumed, within this State in the ordinary course of
trade; or
c. Unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail was sent into or within this State
by the defendant using a computer, computer network, or the computer services of an
electronic mail service provider in contravention of the authority granted by or in
violation of the policies set by the electronic mail service provider. Transmission of
commercial electronic mail from an organization to its members shall not be deemed
to be unsolicited bulk commercial electronic mail.
(5) Local Services, Goods or Contracts. -- In any action which:
a. Arises out of a promise, made anywhere to the plaintiff or to some third
party for the plaintiff's benefit, by the defendant to perform services within this
State or to pay for services to be performed in this State by the plaintiff; or
b. Arises out of services actually performed for the plaintiff by the
defendant within this State, or services actually performed for the defendant
by the plaintiff within this State if such performance within this State was
authorized or ratified by the defendant; or
c. Arises out of a promise, made anywhere to the plaintiff or to some third
party for the plaintiff's benefit, by the defendant to deliver or receive within
this State, or to ship from this State goods, documents of title, or other things
of value; or
d. Relates to goods, documents of title, or other things of value shipped
from this State by the plaintiff to the defendant on his order or direction; or
e. Relates to goods, documents of title, or other things of value actually
received by the plaintiff in this State from the defendant through a carrier without
regard to where delivery to the carrier occurred.
(6) Local Property. -- In any action which arises out of:
a. A promise, made anywhere to the plaintiff or to some third party for the
plaintiff's benefit, by the defendant to create in either party an interest in, or protect,
acquire, dispose of, use, rent, own, control or possess by either party real property
situated in this State; or
b. A claim to recover for any benefit derived by the defendant through the use,
ownership, control or possession by the defendant of tangible property situated within this
State either at the time of the first use, ownership, control or possession or at the time
the action is commenced; or
c. A claim that the defendant return, restore, or account to the plaintiff for any
asset or thing of value which was within this State at the time the defendant acquired
possession or control over it.
(7) Deficiency Judgment on Local Foreclosure or Resale. -- In any action to recover a
deficiency judgment upon an obligation secured by a mortgage, deed of trust, conditional
sale, or other security instrument executed by the defendant or his predecessor to whose
obligation the defendant has succeeded and the deficiency is claimed either:
a. In an action in this State to foreclose such security instrument upon real
property, tangible personal property, or an intangible represented by an indispensable
instrument, situated in this State; or
b. Following sale of real or tangible personal property or an intangible represented
by an indispensable instrument in this State under a power of sale contained in any
security instrument.
(8) Director or Officer of a Domestic Corporation. -- In any action against a defendant
who is or was an officer or director of a domestic corporation where the action arises out
of the defendant's conduct as such officer or director or out of the activities of such
corporation while the defendant held office as a director or officer.
(9) Taxes or Assessments. -- In any action for the collection of taxes or assessments
levied, assessed or otherwise imposed by a taxing authority of this State after the date of
ratification of this act.
(10) Insurance or Insurers. -- In any action which arises out of a contract of insurance
as defined in G.S. 58-1-10 made anywhere between the plaintiff or some third party and the
defendant and in addition either:
a. The plaintiff was a resident of this State when the event occurred out of
which the claim arose; or
b. The event out of which the claim arose occurred within this State, regardless
of where the plaintiff resided.
(11) Personal Representative. -- In any action against a personal representative to
enforce a claim against the deceased person represented, whether or not the action was
commenced during the lifetime of the deceased, where one or more of the grounds stated in
subdivisions (2) to (10) of this section would have furnished a basis for jurisdiction over
the deceased had he been living.
(12) Marital Relationship. -- In any action under Chapter 50 that arises out of the
marital relationship within this State, notwithstanding subsequent departure from the
State, if the other party to the marital relationship continues to reside in this State.
